Israel and Palestine Issues Essay Example for Free

Israel and Palestine Issues Essay The issues between Palestine and Israel originate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The list could drag on and on about what exactly they are fighting about but most of their issues are somehow related to land and property. To this day they can’t come to an agreement on who owns Jerusalem. That has been a touchy subject for ages. Israel is also worried about their settlements they have created since the Six Day War and what will happen to them if and when a peace treaty is defined. One cause of Palestine’s’ fury has to do with the refugees which occurred from the Israeli War of Independence in 1948. In brief, these two countries’ conflict is long ago rooted and still there hasn’t been a resolution for the troubles they are having. First off Israel and Palestine have been unable to decide who gets to claim Jerusalem as their own. Both countries title Jerusalem as their Holy place of worship. Israeli’s are for the most part Jewish and Palestinian’s are Muslim; Jewish book of holies is the Tenach and Muslim book of holies is the Koran. In the Tenach Jerusalem is mentioned over 700 times whereas in the Koran it wasn’t mentioned once. We can trace back Jerusalem as being the capital of Israel 2,000 years before Islam/Palestine was created. There is no record of Palestine ever having control or right, if you will, over Jerusalem. Israeli’s and Palestinians are concerned about their religious holy places under the governing of the other country. On occasion, Palestine has not allowed Jews to visit the Western Wall, and Jewish cemeteries have been abused or violated. Israel on the other hand, has seldom blocked sacred sights of another religion. Jerusalem has been a long disputed piece of land between these two groups of people and it probably won’t get any better. Next in order, during the Six Day War Jewish communities were captured by Israel from Jordan. Since then Israel has set up more than 130 settlements. The majority of Jews live in 8 of the largest settlements, which Israel would like to free and make theirs in a peace treaty agreement with the Palestinians. Most of the large ones border Israel and the West Bank, excluding a few which dwell deep inside Palestinian territory. Building and remodeling of the settlements has been an ongoing project since 1967. In 1997 they had formed 31 settlements with 4,400 people; in 1992 they had a total of 120 settlements with a total of 100,000 people; and in 2009 the opulation had grown to more than 306,000 people. This arguing about the settlements is one cause to the stalling of the peace process between these two countries. The Palestinians are being inconvenienced because the settlements redirect the resources needed by their towns. They also stunt the traveling of Palestinians because the security challenges them if they pass through the local roadways. Third of all, Palestinian Refugees haven’t been allowed to return to their families and homeland after the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. The estimated number of Israeli’s who either fled or were thrown out of their country tolled about 711,000 in 1949. In 2010 a survey was taken and they found out that there were more than 4. 7 million descendants of the original refugees. One third of them live in camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, the rest live in towns and cities near the refugee camps. Palestine is urging the right of the refugees to return to the places they lived before the war but new Israeli law only allows Jews to gain citizenship. Therefore Palestinians cannot apply because obviously they are Muslim. Israeli’s ponder the possibility of letting the refugees return in the form of a family reunion and allowing a vague number of further refugees to settle as well. This resolution involves the U. S. to help aid the refugees with money and services until they are able to provide for themselves and get back on their feet in the new setting. Israel and Palestine still haven’t resolved this issue because they are more concerned with bigger issues. In summary, Palestine and Israel have many unresolved issues that may or may not ever be dealt with. Both countries have their own beliefs and practices which more than likely won’t be able to coincide and cooperate long enough to make agreements and choices that benefit both sides and make everyone happy. Clearly if they don’t start making compromises and giving up a little to get what they want no one that lives there will ever be happy because the problems will just be sitting there getting bigger and bigger, eventually turning into another war.

Societial Changes in the Middle East in 600 B.C.E. :: Politics, world history, Mesopotamia

From the time of the Agricultural revolution till 600 B.C.E, many changes were being made in society. New tools and weapons were developed, new types of writing, and new art forms were all being discovered and altered. But one societal element that is crucial to everyone is politics. The politics of a society effect the citizens day to day lives, and set boundries for all people. Between the time of the Agricultural Revolution and 600 B.C.E, the Middle East experienced political changes such as; the dimensions of government, and the land that was conquered and controlled. The one thing during this time that did remain unchanged, for the most part, were the political leaders of the time period. In Mesopotamia priests were held to a high standard and had a lot of political and economical involvement. As the city-states in Mesopotamia advanced so did the interaction with different empires. Also as the involvement grew so did the civilians quality of life, even for the slaves. Eventually Mesopotamia split up into a north and south region. The region split up due to political and economic reasons. The North was ruled by the Assyria and the south was ruled by Hammurabi. The heightened economic time continued, but it was short lived after the conflict in Anatolia in 1200 B.C.E. the Mesopotamia economy collapsed and they then had a time of poverty and struggle. Assyrian rule lasted from 911 to 612 B.C.E in the northern Mesopotamia region. It is considered by most historians as the first empire. The expansion of Assyrian took place along major trade routes which gave them a stable economy. As the expansion continued policies were put in place to support and benefit the upper classes of society. Later the empire began to diminish because of the hatred it received from its conquered people, and the empires population became less and less loyal to its rulers. During 2000 B.C.E the Israelites populates an area located at cross roads of trade routes. Their petite population inhabited a diminutive territory that was deprived of natural resources, but they were nestled at a cross road of trade routes which was very beneficial for their economy.

Good vs. Evil †Lord of the Flies Essay

Star Wars, Superman, James Bond—all of these are stories which chronicle the ever-present warfare between good and evil. What exactly is good? How does one describe evil? The answers to these questions are highly subjective, and could be debated for years on end without ever reaching a final conclusion. However, it is widely agreed that each person is inherently born with two sides; one of which is good, the other evil. It is this sense of inherent good and evil in all of us that William Golding tried to warn and protect society against in his classic, The Lord of the Flies. It is clear to anyone who reads this book that Golding is trying to exaggerate the inherent good and evil in the boys on the island. The boys are all well-raised, British prep school boys. They have grown up in a dignified and sophisticated society, and are by no means savage before they crash on the island. However, in a very short period of time, the boys lose the intelligence and sophistication they had been raised with, and become wild and crazy and almost completely devoid of any signs of civilization. The boys come to the island controlled by their inherent good, but the longer they stay, the more the inherent evil begins to take over. Inherent good and evil are also represented in the book through different characters. For example, Simon seems to be the most sensitive and civilized boy on the island. He is also the only one who recognizes that the true beast on the island is inside the boys themselves. Simon represents the inherent good in human beings. However, Roger is clearly bloodthirsty with little or no concern for those he hurts when while he is trying to accomplish a task. In fact, Roger enjoys deliberately hurting other boys on the island. Roger is representative of the inherent evil in man-kind. Through these examples and many more, Golding clearly warns us against the good and evil inside all of us. One may wonder, however, what society can do in order to help prevent catastrophe. After all, if good and evil are truly inherent—what can be done to fix the problem? Golding shows us the answer to this problem through certain events in his book. One of the most obvious examples of this is in the chapter â€Å"Huts on the Beach. † This chapter describes the process which the boys go through to build their shelters on the beach. When they begin the first hut, all of the boys are working together. The final result it strong and of high quality. However, as work continues on the second and third huts, the boys begin to leave for an assortment of reasons—and discontinue their work on the huts. The second hut, with only a few boys working on it, does not end up as strong as the first one. Predictably, the third hut, with even less boys working on it, is of the worst quality out of the three huts. The building of the huts shows that when the boys work together, the end product is much higher quality than when only a few boys are working to create the shelter. Symbolically, Golding is trying to tell society that if we work together, we can ultimately saves society from ourselves, and the inherent evil in all of us. Another example of this message is in an example of what will happen if society instead, continues on the path it is currently on, and people continue to right against each other rather than working together. Toward the end of the story, Jack creates his own group on the island. This divides the island in two—Jacks’ group on Castle rock, and Ralph’s group which remains on the beach. At the time of this separation, the already lacking democracy on the island weakens drastically, and everything falls apart. Simon is killed, Piggy’s glasses are stolen, SamnEric are tortured and manipulated, Piggy is murdered, and Ralph’s life almost comes to a dramatic end. These events represent the obvious truth that when the people fight against each other, the result is extremely counter-productive, and will eventually corrupt society. Inherent good and evil, and the qualification of each, is a topic that has been debated for centuries, and is sure to be debated in the future. We may never all agree on one true definition for good and evil. We may never even agree on whether good and evil both truly exist. However, the important thing is to realize that what Golding was trying to warn us against is a real problem. Society is heading in a negative direction, and if we don’t do something soon, it may be too late to turn back.

Holding Fast Case Study - 1444 Words

Holding Fast HBR Business Case Assignment 1. This case starts out in a lab that is located in a building that is operated by Crescordia. Crescordia is a company that makes a range of products such as artificial hips and scalps but also is one of the few companies that sell fixation devices. At the beginning of the case Crescordia holds a seminar for orthopedic surgeons so they can better familiarize themselves with the products and procedures that are needed when dealing with using these fixation plates. During this seminar the CEO Peter Walsh enters excitedly to see what is going on. You can tell right from the start that he is a very big people person and is incredibly interested in finding out the needs and what surgeons are saying†¦show more content†¦I feel that it would be a huge misstep for them to jump into the market and that there is no harm in waiting it out and seeing how things develop in the industry. I think that the alternative path they should take is they should keep working on improving the non-re sorbable plates that they put out and should not put much focus on resorbable’s. I think that there are many more pros to not focusing on resorbable’s than there is if they did focus on them. I find it hard to see why they would take the risk of launching a line of resorbable’s. 4. There are many pro’s in not going forward with resorbable’s. First off Crescordia will keep its high reputation because this will show that they do not want to rush products onto the market, especially products that still have many problems that need to be solved. Another advantage is that they can focus on the products they are good at making at can work towards improving the products that they are currently making. Also they will save themselves a huge financial risk because resorbable’s are not a proven product and they would have to change the way manufacture things and would have to retool their entire factories to make a huge change like this, that might not even pay off in the long run. It seems like if they were to focus on making resorbable’s it would be a high-risk and low-reward type of situation. There is not much that they can win from entering the resorbable market. One of the cons of not entering theShow MoreRelatedAdr Clause924 Words   |  4 PagesInventory System – A case study: McDonald’s Just-In-Time inventory is the big thing right now in operations. JIT is a form of providing supplies for customers, as the name suggests, just in time. McDonalds is another example of a JIT system wherein McDonalds doesnt begin to cook its orders until a customer has placed a specific order. What used to be the case was McDonalds would pre-cook a batch of hamburgers and let them sit under heat lamps. They would keep them for as long as possible andRead MoreCosmetics Company to Manage Inventory1144 Words   |  5 PagesMakes Supply Chains Lightning Fast Supply Chain Management / Supply Chain Consulting CASE STUDY Best Practices in Inventory Management K. Ravichandran Debjyoti Paul A leading consumer products company dealing in cosmetics and other personal care products was seeking ways to: Reduce inventory levels across their forward supply chain Improve Inventory Record Accuracy at their storage points Accurately track damaged goods at various points in the supply chain The above problems togetherRead MoreAmerican Home Products Case Study826 Words   |  4 Pagesthe company’s strategy. †¢ Market risk. Pharmacy had not reached the heavy competition yet during early 1980s, AHP was still the early adopter in the industry, however, the nature of the market will change very quickly follow by the globalization and fast developing of medical technology, efficiency of information communication and financial industry. The competitor will able to launch variously strategies, with wild coverage of products via extended channels in more regions/counties. †¢ Because of debtRead MoreMistaken Eyewitness Testimony1568 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of the I nnocence Project whose mission is to use DNA evidence to free wrongly convicted individuals (About - Innocence Project, n.d.). This essay will explore some of the reasons behind mistaken eyewitness testimonies, using scientific studies to provide evidence, starting off with the cognitive impact of stress, then delving into memory reconstruction, false memories and confirmation bias. Anxiety and the emotional stress experienced when witnessing a crime can impact the cognitive performanceRead MoreApplied Business Research and Statistics1261 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees to encourage them to utilize public transportation. To study the potential of providing this benefit, the company would like to do a survey of the workers at a company to gather information on why do or do not use public transportation for commuting to work. The company is about 25,000 people in areas where public transportation is available. You also want to find out the reasons why their choice is what it is. In this case self-administered questionnaire would be most appropriate becauseRead MoreThe Cost Recovery Act And Tobacco Litigation1348 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Cost Recovery Act and Tobacco Litigation in Canada: A Model for Fast Food Litigation,† the states: One of the most well-known fast food litigation cases in the United States is Pelman v. McDonald s Corp. In Pelman, two minors sued the fast food restaurant McDonalds claiming, among other things, that McDonalds acted at least negligently in selling food products that are high in cholesterol, fat, salt and sugar when studies show that such foods cause obesity and detrimental health effects. OneRead MoreWhy The Contracting Process For Raising Capital As Well As The Outsourcing Capital For The Learning Centre926 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the case study, there are several issues that should be highlighted. The first issue was regarding the acquisition and financing policy of the company. As been stated in the case, some observer are concern about how the company do the contracting process for raising capital as well as the outsourcing capital for the learning centre. Press article also found out that the company has overpaid their acquisition of other learning centres, and they ma de some business with the companies that areRead MoreKrispy Kreme Doughnuts Case Study1122 Words   |  5 PagesKrispy Kreme Doughnuts Case Study Krispy Kreme was the hottest brand in America in 2003, however, its stock price plummeted more than 80% in the next 16 months. What had happened to this company? Why investors suddenly fleeing the popular Krispy Kreme? Answer following questions will help us find the solutions. From the historical income statement and balance sheet, we notice that, from 2000 to 2004, the KK grew very fast and its net income increased substantially. For example, form 2003 toRead MoreMcdonalds Strategic Prospects Essay examples740 Words   |  3 PagesUnit III Case Study Business Policy and Strategy Competitive Profile Matrix | McDonald’s | Burger King Holdings | Yum! Brands Inc | Critical Success Factors | Weight | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Rating | Score | Advertising | .15 | 4 | .6 | 2 | .3 | 3 | .45 | Product Quality | .15 | 2 | .3 | 1 | .15 | 3 | .45 | Price Competitiveness | .10 | 3 | .3 | 2 | .2 | 4 | .4 | Management | .10 | 3 | .3 | 1 | .1 | 2 | .2 | Financial Position | .15 | 4 | .6 | 2 | .3 | 3 | .45 | CustomerRead More9.Investors Perception About Mutual Fund. Financial Markets1636 Words   |  7 Pages9. Investors Perception about Mutual Fund Financial markets are constantly becoming more efficient by providing more promising solutions to the investors. Being a part of financial markets although mutual funds industry is responding very fast by understanding the dynamics of investor’s perception towards rewards, still they are continuously following this race in their endeavor to differentiate their products responding to sudden changes in the economy. Thus, it is high time to understand and

Essay on Hardships Facing the Gray Wolf Population

An eerie howl fills the air; it bellows over the darkened valley floor. A majestic show of fur and fang dance behind a herd of deer leaping through blanketed snow. Within a second, gunshots echo; and a fallen beauty lays unmoving, painting the snow beneath a deep red. In the past, with little understanding and an abundance of anger, humans in North America have caused much change to the gray wolf’s life. Alterations in habitat, behavior, diet, and human measures for control have created a multitude of hardships for the gray wolf population. Encroachment from human settlers has caused dramatic adjustments in the gray wolf’s habitat and behavior. Since the beginning of colonization in America, the gray wolf’s territories have been†¦show more content†¦These conditions forced packs of gray wolves to retreat away from their known territory into other gray wolves habitat, causing blood soaked battles to ensue. The only alternative was for them to change their behavior, and try to coexist with their new human company. As main food sources diminished due to human hunting, the gray wolf found it more difficult to have a successful hunt. Hunters began taking the wolves main food sources, which forced the wolves to expand their daily search for prey. This caused wolves to venture near human settlements more often, looking for some kind of nourishment. With humans and wolves vying for many of the same food sources, wolves found slow and trusting farm animals a much easier target. Sheep and cattle were believed to be a new staple for the gray wolf diet. Although in reality, only in very rare circumstances were livestock hunted for meals by gray wolves. Many embellished the situation and persuaded people gray wolves were a threat. A menace not only to livestock, but also humans; moreover that action needed to be taken. The fabricated lies spread by people caused many to take barbaric steps toward what they believed necessary control of wolves. Wanting more profit for themselves, greedy hunters looked for an easy way to get rid of competition. Using traps, hunters started catching wolves for their pelts, which they could sell for money. Hunting wolves alsoShow MoreRelatedItalian Neo-Realism2946 Words   |  12 Pagescatapult us into the bleak reality of their predicaments, perfectly depicting the oppressed of Italian society. As the pawnbroker climbs the ladder to place the couples wedding dowry on the pile, the camera tilts up and reveals the scale of the hardship as no words could ever encapsulate, the never ending stack of sheets show the brutal extent of the poverty and economic depression Mussolini’s fascist regime has allowed this desperate society to slump to. Bicycle thieves (De Sica 1948) show theRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesexperienced d ifficulties with certain parts of their operations, it is tempting to be overly critical. It is easy to criticize with the benefit of hindsight. Mistakes are inevitable, given the present state of decision making and the dynamic environment facing organizations. Mistakes can be categorized as errors of omission and of commission. Mistakes of omission are those in which no action was taken and the status quo was contentedly embraced amid a changing environment. Such errors, often characteristicRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesConcepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 107 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 107 Case Application 4-A: Casino Has No Sense of Humor Regarding â€Å"Dilbert† Comic 107 Case Application 4-B: Off-the-Job Behaviors 107 Working with a Team: Dealing in Gray Areas 108 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Counseling Employees 108 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 109 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 130 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 130 Case Application 5: TurnoverRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthis book is to help you develop that kind of behavioral competency and complexity. Improving Management Skills It is a bit unnerving that while average IQ scores have increased in the population over the last half-century, social and emotional intelligence scores have actually declined. In the population in general, people are less skilled at managing themselves and managing others than they were 50 years ago (Goleman, 1998). While average IQ scores have jumped approximately 25 points, emotionalRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesmuch support there is for formal project management, the general manager will probably not allow us to implement it for fear it will affect the performance of the Automotive Components Division. QUESTIONS 1. What are some of the major problems facing the management of Hyten in accepting formalized project management? (Include attitude problems/personality problems.) 2. Do any of the managers appear to have valid arguments for their beliefs as to why formal project management should not be consideredRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesfrom one organized by departments to one organized by teams. You have been put on the steering committee that will decide what needs to be done to make a transition between these two types of managing.4 Imagine that you are a manager in a library facing challenging problems such as the real ones described previously. Today’s libraries are complex organizations located in rapidly changing environments. Being a manager in such a setting requires both managerial skills and hard work, but it also canRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |   1573 Pagesbehavior. This is one of the most comprehensive and thorough revisions of Organizational Behavior we’ve undertaken, and while we’ve preserved the core material, we’re confident that this edition reflects the most important research and topical issues facing organizations, managers, and employees. Key Changes to the Fifteenth Edition †¢ The most substantial updating ever. The following sections of each chapter are new to the fifteenth edition: †¢ Opening Vignette †¢ Myth or Science? †¢ Ethical ChoiceRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesControl for Supply Chain Management, Sixth Edition Jacobs and Chase, Operations and Supply Management: The Core, Second Edition Jacobs and Chase Operations and Supply Management, Thirteenth Edition Jacobs and Whybark, Why ERP? First Edition Larson and Gray, Project Management: The Managerial Process, Fifth Edition Leenders, Johnson, Flynn, and Fearon, Purchasing and Supply Management, Thirteenth Edition Nahmias, Production and Operations Analysis, Sixth Edition Olson, Introduction to Information Systems

The Messages Of Youths Receive From The Two Important...

Summary The purpose of the study was to look at the messages that youths receive from the two important sources of information, parents and friends. The study looked to explore the different types of messages being received by youth, and how they differed among parents and friends. When looking into the messages youths received the study explores three sexual discourses and their related messages. The first discourse was the gender-specific double standard discourse. The gender-specific double standard discourse acknowledges that boys and girls are socialized differently in terms of sexual behavior, and what is appropriate. When studying the messages from this discourse, the study looked to examine the extent to which gender-specific†¦show more content†¦Through the sexual abstinence the hypothesize findings were that young men would receive less abstinence only messages, an increase in abstinence only messages will lead to a decrease in sexual agency messages in both genders, and t his will also lead to encouragement of rape myths and forced behaviors and experiences. Lastly, the positive-sexuality messages discourse hypothesized that young women will receive less positive-sexuality messages than young men, an increase in these messages will lead to an increase in the levels of sexual agency among both genders, and will be linked to a decrease in the encouragement of rape myths as well as a decrease in forced behaviors and experiences (Levin, 2005). To conduct the study, the researchers surveyed 332 undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university in 2005. The participants ranged in age from 17-22, and were 57 percent female. In regards to the racial makeup, 73.5 percent identified as white or Caucasian, 15.4 identified as Asian or Pacific Islander, 4.2 percent as Latina or Latino, and 3.9 percent as black or African American. Almost all of the participants (98 percent) identified as exclusively heterosexual. The participants were surveyed for an hour, and they were compensated in the partial completion of a psychology course requirement (Levin, 2005). The researchers also developed a

Fundamental of portfolio management Free Essays

The equity risk premium is the excess return required by investors to compensate risks of holding a stock rather than holding a â€Å"risk free† asset. Jason ,2011) Under the Capital Asset Pricing model: , risk free investments involve borrowing and lending among investors and borrowing positions offset by lending positions, therefore let Y = and representative investor’s risk aversion be . (Bodied, Kane and Marcus, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamental of portfolio management or any similar topic only for you Order Now We rearrange this equation , indicating the equity risk premium is influenced by average risk aversion and variance of the market portfolio. It’s obvious that when risk aversion of investors and variance of market portfolio increase the equity risk premium will goes up, and vice-versa. There are many empirical evidences show that during the Global Financial Crisis the volatilities of market increase, for example Chewer (AAA) have recognized the increase of volatilities in stock markets during financial crisis. Besides, according to the research of Steven, Michael and Bob (2011) derived from trades in options on the SP/ASX 200 index showed that the implied volatility climb up during the SGF and reach the peak in 2009. The increase of stock market volatilities not only represent the increase of risks (Karol 2011 and Brooks 2001) but also have negative relationship with risk aversion. (Chewer 1989 and Carney 2000). There are some events can be summarized in mention of an increase in risk aversion, for example after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008 the stock market price hardly dropped and the bank lending dramatically decreased, consistent with this there was a overshooting of risk aversion. Paolo, John and Chairs,2011) In conclusion, during the SGF both average risk aversion and risks of market increased, therefore the equity risk premium went up. Part D The keenness in the distribution of returns has became important in asset pricing because the traditional mean-variance measurement cannot fully characterize return behaviors (Samuelsson 1970,Campbell and Hence 1992;Circler and Huber 2007). This report will discusses the importance of keenness in returns in asset pricing with he respects of investors’ preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness, which asset pricing factors may be a proxy for keenness, the distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns, and some researches include behavioral finance researches will be provided. What is keenness and why it’s important Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean. Positive keenness has more probability distribution towards positive value, while negative keenness has more probability distribution towards negative value. The skewed distribution of asset returns was first point out by Dominant(1985), and it caused by the asymmetrical reactions of investors to goods news and bad news from companies. Chem.., Hong and Stein (2001) argued that there was another reason The main reason for the increasing importance of keenness in returns is that the unrealistic assumptions of traditional mean-variance framework. The mean-variance measurement assumes the returns are normally distribute and quadratic preference, however it rarely happened in real word, therefore the insemination of expect returns and risks may exhibit. According to the finding of Roll(1977) and Ross( 1977) that the portfolio used as a market proxy is inefficient, the Sharper’s CAMP have been suggested as invalid. It’s also supported by Bernard and Allotted(2000) that the (unadjusted) mean-variance measurement Sharpe ratio can lead misleading conclusions. For overcoming this bias Parka’s and Bear (1986) and Leland (1999) have developed performance measure incorporating keenness. Besides, Harvey and Suicide (2002) and Krause and Litterbug (1976) have recognized the importance of keenness that systematic keenness and conditional keenness are important to asset pricing since hey characterize the true distribution of asset returns. Furthermore, in traditional mean-variance framework such as Capital Asset Pricing Model there is only a single efficiency risky asset portfolio. While accounting for the mean-variance-keenness in returns, there are multiple efficient portfolios, which could be considered to provide diversification portfolios. (Harvey and Suicide,2000) Investor’s preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness The positive skewed distribution has a longer tail on the higher-return side of the curve, while the negative skewed distribution has a longer tail in the lower-return did. The asset with negative skewed returns distribution has greater risks that the returns will decrease than what the standard deviation measures, and for positive skewed distribution there are fewer risks the returns will decrease (Mini, 2011) Theoretically, investors have preference toward positive keenness and aversion toward negative keenness, since increasing positive keenness will decrease possibility of large negative rate of returns. There are many literally evidences show the preference of positive keenness, for example in 1967 Aridity presented that rational investors with reasonable utility functions should prefer positive keenness in the distribution of investment returns†. Following Aridity (1976),Chinchilla et al. (1997) and Parka’s et al. (2003) have recognized investors’ preference for positive keenness as well. What’s more, investors show their preference toward positive keenness in gambling, lotteries and entrepreneurship (Thomas, Jose and LU-Santos, 2009). Nevertheless, some investors exhibit preference for negative keenness in real life, here investor is not only represent individual but also economic agent. Prefer repertory investment is a an example of negative keenness preference, which with reasonable average yields but a small chance of heavy losses, to the opportunity of recouping the original cost(Maker, Nicholas, Dominic and Raymond addition, economic agents facing a stream of stochastic monetary payoffs will show preference for negative keenness (Nazism, 2004). This also supported by Richard â€Å"economic agents may prefer negative keenness under some certain conditions† (Richard, 2010). From the research of Harvey and Suicide (2000) we can know that negative keenness receive higher return. In their research they assumed investors require payment for negative keenness, and excess returns could be result from the market inefficiency. The higher return of negative keenness may be a reason that in some circumstance investor will prefer negative keenness. Although investors expect the returns of asset exhibit positive skewed distribution, commonly the returns are negatively skewed distribution, since investors react to good news and bad news from corporations asymmetrically. It’s explained by Dominant (1985) who first pointed out the skewed distribution of asset returns, and he reposed that the increase of stock price caused by good news is to some extent offset by the increase in the risk premium, which is required by higher volatility. For the decreased stock price caused by bad news is amplified further by the increased in the risk premium. Which asset pricing factors may act as a proxy for keenness The traditional mean-variance CAMP use beta to measure the systematic risks, and there are lots of studies suggest that the beta can’t fully capture the systematic risks. Ban (1981) suggested market capitalization ,and Fame and French (1992) proposed kook- to-market ratio have relationship with the cross-section of stock returns(Chi- Hoist ,2006). There are many debates about whether asset pricing factors such as size and book-to market ratio may be acting as a proxy for keenness. The SMB factor measures the spread in asset returns between small and large size firms, and the HIM factor measures the spread asset returns between high book-to-market ratio and low book-to-market ration assets. In the research of Harvey and Suicide(2000) they found that when adding keenness alone or Jointly with HIM and SMB to portfolios had similar results, therefore they lamed that book market ratio (HIM) and size (SMB) factors can be act as a proxy for keenness. Recently, Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) also proposed that SMB and HIM are proxies for higher-order moments, and the Fame and French factors could be superior. However, there were some probabilities of errors in variables in their research. Conversely, Smith (2007) applied the condition three-model factor, which was proposed by Harvey and Suicide (2000), he argued that there was little impact on the price of market beta after adding the size(SMB) and the book-to-market(HIM) actors when the conditional keenness has already included in the model. The study of Jail(2004) showed that the conditional keenness plays an important role in stock market (HIM) factors. Even though there are many arguments about the extent those SMB and HIM assets pricing factors act as a proxy for keenness, as least from the studies of Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) and Jail (2004) we can conclude that the SMB and HIM those non-market factors can’t completely act as a proxy for keenness. Distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean or a single asset, while co-keenness measures the symmetry of a variable’s probability distribution in relation to another variable’s probability distribution symmetry, which provide estimation of risks of assets connect to market risks. Theoretically, investors show their preference towards positive conciseness that present the asset has higher possibility of extreme positive returns than market returns. Thus, jocoseness also plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many studies support it. The studies of Harvey and Suicides (2000), Smith (2005) and Errand and Sys (2005) provided evidence that the conditional jocoseness can help explain the cross-section of stock returns. Baron-Ideas (1985) and Limit (1989) suggested the pricing of jocoseness. Moreover, jocoseness extends capital asset pricing theory to some extent. The study by Krause and Litterbug provided the evidence that jocoseness can be regarded as a supplement to the covariance measurement of risks in explaining the returns on individual NYSE stocks and in the process to interpret the other discrepancies between returns, and the returns when take the NYSE stocks on the whole. Conclusion In conclusion, keenness in returns plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many researches can provide evidence for it. For example, the studies conducted by Campbell and Hence (1992) and Harvey and Suicide (2000). How to cite Fundamental of portfolio management, Essays